The only Ophthalmology Foundation Clinical Ophthalmology MCQ course on the internet &mdash; made by a team of ophthalmologists who have actually passed the OF exams, not random resources or AI-generated content.
&nbsp;
&bull; Authored by ophthalmologists who have personally sat and passed the Ophthalmology Foundation exams
&bull; Includes questions based on verified candidate recalls from actual OF sittings
&bull; Matches the exact exam format: 160 single-best-answer MCQs, 4 hours &mdash; includes image, table and video-based question styles like the real exam
&bull; Built strictly to the Foundation&rsquo;s own Exam Topics Index (AAO BCSC-aligned)
&bull; Ideal for Year 3&ndash;5 trainees, as recommended by the Foundation itself
&nbsp;
Full syllabus coverage &mdash; all 10 official domains:
&nbsp;
1. Neuro-Ophthalmology &mdash; Decreased vision &amp; optic neuropathy &middot; Ocular motility &amp; diplopia &middot; Nystagmus &middot; Pupillary abnormalities &middot; Headache &amp; facial pain &middot; Neuro-ophthalmic systemic disease (GCA, MS, myasthenia)
2. Paediatric Ophthalmology &amp; Strabismus &mdash; Amblyopia &middot; Strabismus workup &amp; surgery &middot; Pediatric cataracts, glaucoma, retina &amp; uveitis &middot; Ocular trauma in childhood
3. Orbit &mdash; Congenital &amp; inflammatory disorders &middot; Orbital neoplasms &amp; trauma &middot; Eyelid disorders &amp; reconstruction &middot; Lacrimal drainage disorders
4. Cornea &amp; External Eye Disease &mdash; Ocular surface disease &amp; dry eye &middot; Corneal dystrophies &amp; ectatic disease &middot; Infectious keratitis &middot; Immune-related disorders &middot; Corneal transplantation
5. Uveitis &mdash; Diagnostic classification &amp; workup &middot; Anterior/intermediate/posterior uveitis &middot; White dot syndromes &middot; Infectious uveitis &middot; Endophthalmitis &middot; Masquerade syndromes
6. Glaucoma &mdash; IOP &amp; aqueous dynamics &middot; Perimetry &middot; POAG &amp; angle closure &middot; Pediatric glaucoma &middot; Medical &amp; surgical management (trabeculectomy, tube shunts, MIGS)
7. Cataract &mdash; Evaluation &amp; IOL calculation &middot; Phacoemulsification technique &middot; Refractive outcome optimization &middot; Intra- and postoperative complications
8. Retina &mdash; Diagnostic imaging (OCT, OCTA, FAF) &middot; AMD &middot; Diabetic retinopathy &middot; Retinal vascular disease &middot; ROP &middot; Retinal detachment &middot; Vitreoretinal surgery
9. Community &amp; Public Health &mdash; Global blindness-prevention epidemiology and public-health ophthalmology, high-yield module
10. General Medicine related to Ophthalmology &mdash; Systemic disease&ndash;eye correlations across endocrine, autoimmune, and vascular conditions, high-yield module
&nbsp;
Built by Ophthalmologists, for Ophthalmologists.

The only Ophthalmology Foundation Clinical Ophthalmology MCQ course made by ophthalmologists who’ve passed the exam. All 10 domains covered. Verified recalls.

OF Clinical Ophthalmology MCQ Course

OPHTHA MCQ FAICO ICO PDCET FRC

OF Visual Sciences MCQ Course
&nbsp;
The only Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences MCQ course on the internet &mdash; made by a team of ophthalmologists who have actually passed the OF exams, not random resources or AI-generated content.
&nbsp;
&bull; Authored by ophthalmologists who have personally sat and passed the Ophthalmology Foundation exams
&bull; Includes questions based on verified candidate recalls from actual OF sittings &mdash; content no other resource has
&bull; Matches the exact exam format: 120 single-best-answer MCQs, 3 hours
&bull; Built section-by-section to the Foundation&rsquo;s own Exam Topics Index
&bull; Ideal for Year 1&ndash;2 trainees, as recommended by the Foundation itself
&nbsp;
Full syllabus coverage &mdash; all 7 official sections:
&nbsp;
1. Anatomy &mdash; Orbit &amp; ocular adnexa &middot; The eye (tear film, cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, uvea, lens, retina, vitreous) &middot; Cranial nerves I&ndash;VII &amp; visual pathway
2. Embryology &amp; Development &mdash; Eye, lens, posterior segment, uvea, cornea/AC/sclera, EOM/adnexa/orbit development
3. Genetics &mdash; Molecular genetics &middot; Clinical genetics (inheritance patterns, mitochondrial disease, LHON, genetic counseling)
4. Biochemistry &amp; Metabolism &mdash; Tear film, cornea, aqueous/iris/ciliary body, lens, vitreous, retina, RPE, oxidative stress
5. Ocular Pharmacology &mdash; Pharmacologic principles &middot; Ocular pharmacotherapeutics (cholinergics, adrenergics, CAIs, prostaglandins, steroids, antimicrobials, OVDs)
6. Imaging &amp; Digital Ophthalmology &mdash; CT/MRI/ultrasound principles &middot; EHRs, teleophthalmology, AI/machine learning
7. Ophthalmic Pathology &mdash; Specimen handling &middot; Wound repair &middot; Tissue-by-tissue pathology (conjunctiva through optic nerve) &middot; Intraocular tumors &amp; retinoblastoma
&nbsp;
Built by Ophthalmologists, for Ophthalmologists.

The only Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences MCQ course made by ophthalmologists who’ve passed the exam. Verified recalls, all 7 sections covered.

OF Visual Sciences MCQ Course

OF Optics, Refraction &amp; Instruments MCQ Course
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); min-height: 19.5px;">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The only Ophthalmology Foundation ORI MCQ course on the internet &mdash; made by a team of ophthalmologists who have actually passed the OF exams, not random resources or AI-generated content.</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); min-height: 19.5px;">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&bull; Authored by ophthalmologists who have personally sat and passed the Ophthalmology Foundation exams</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&bull; Includes questions based on verified candidate recalls from actual OF sittings</h3>
&nbsp;
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&bull; Matches the exact exam format: 60 single-best-answer MCQs, 1.5 hours</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&bull; Built strictly to the Foundation&rsquo;s own topic index</h3>
&nbsp;
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&bull; Ideal for Year 2&ndash;4 trainees, as recommended by the Foundation itself</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); min-height: 19.5px;">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 25px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Full syllabus coverage &mdash; all 3 official sections:</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); min-height: 19.5px;">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1. Optics &mdash; Pinhole imaging, convex/concave lenses, vergence &middot; Geometric optics (Snell&rsquo;s law, aberrations, wavefront theory) &middot; Physical optics &middot; Optics of the human eye (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, accommodation/presbyopia)</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2. Refraction &mdash; Retinoscopy &middot; Clinical refraction technique &middot; Eyeglasses (spectacle correction, bifocals/trifocals/progressives, anisometropia) &middot; Contact lenses (fitting, types, complications)</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3. Instruments &mdash; IOL power calculation &amp; formulas &middot; Keratorefractive optics &middot; Optical instruments (lensmeter, autorefractor, keratometer, topography, aberrometry, slit lamp, tonometry, OCT) &middot; Vision rehabilitation</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); min-height: 19.5px;">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI&quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Built by Ophthalmologists, for Ophthalmologists.</h3>

The only Ophthalmology Foundation Optics, Refraction & Instruments MCQ course made by ophthalmologists who’ve passed the exam. All 3 sections covered.

OF Optics, Refraction & Instruments MCQ Course

<h2>BASIC VISUAL SCIENCES&nbsp; EXAM-READY NOTES WITH MCQs 👁 - BY OPHTHA MCQ APP</h2>
<blockquote>
<h2>For ICO Visual Sciences (Part A) | Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences | OKAT/MAICO Module A | FRCOphth Part 1 &ndash; Volume 1 of 2</h2>
</blockquote>
<h3>Master the Basic Visual Sciences of ophthalmology with one structured, exam-focused resource that combines high-yield revision notes with integrated MCQs and explanations.</h3>
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
The OPHTHA MCQ Basic Visual Sciences &ndash; Exam-Ready Notes with MCQs has been designed for ophthalmology residents and postgraduate candidates who want to revise the basic sciences tested across major ophthalmology examinations without repeatedly switching between multiple textbooks, notes, and question banks.
<blockquote>
WHAT DOES THIS BOOK COVER?
</blockquote>
The book brings together six core areas of ophthalmic basic sciences:
Embryology
Ocular development and clinically relevant developmental concepts.
Anatomy
Detailed ocular and orbital anatomy including the orbit, cranial nerves, ciliary ganglion, extraocular muscles, eyelids, lacrimal system, conjunctiva, orbital vascular supply, globe, tear film, cornea, sclera, limbus, anterior chamber, Schlemm canal, uveal tract, ciliary body, Bruch membrane, lens, retina, macula, vitreous, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex, and optic nerve blood supply.
Physiology and Pathology
High-yield ocular physiology and pathology concepts with additional revision questions.
Microbiology
Exam-relevant ophthalmic microbiology with dedicated review material.
Pharmacology
Ophthalmic pharmacology followed by ocular toxicity and related high-yield concepts.
<blockquote>
<h2>NOTES AND MCQs IN ONE RESOURCE</h2>
</blockquote>
This is not simply a collection of theory notes.
The book integrates MCQs with explanations throughout the learning process, allowing you to revise an important concept and immediately reinforce it through questions.
This makes it useful for learning, revision, practice, and recall instead of reading hundreds of pages of theory first and beginning MCQ practice only afterwards.
DESIGNED FOR MULTIPLE OPHTHALMOLOGY EXAMS
ICO Visual Sciences &ndash; Part A
Useful for candidates preparing for the Basic Visual Sciences component of the International Council of Ophthalmology examination, particularly the core areas of ocular anatomy, neuroanatomy, physiology, pathology, and microbiology covered in this book.
Ophthalmology Foundation &ndash; Visual Sciences
A focused revision resource for several major Basic Visual Sciences domains relevant to the Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences examination.
OKAT / MAICO &ndash; Module A
Useful for ophthalmology residents preparing basic-science concepts and MCQs relevant to early postgraduate ophthalmology assessments.
FRCOphth Part 1 &ndash; Volume 1 of 2
FRCOphth Part 1 requires a broader understanding of the basic and clinical sciences relevant to ophthalmology.
This book provides the Basic Visual Sciences component as Volume 1 of the OPHTHA MCQ two-volume preparation set.
Candidates preparing for FRCOphth Part 1 should use this together with the OPHTHA MCQ Optics and Refraction volume for broader preparation.
<blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">WHY THIS BOOK?</h3>
</blockquote>
Exam-ready ophthalmology notes
Integrated MCQs with explanations
Extensive ocular anatomy coverage
Embryology to ophthalmic pharmacology in one volume
High-yield postgraduate revision
Question-oriented learning rather than passive reading
Useful across multiple international ophthalmology examinations
Structured for rapid revision before an exam
<h3>WHO SHOULD USE IT?</h3>
This resource is particularly useful for ophthalmology residents and postgraduates, ICO Visual Sciences candidates, Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences candidates, OKAT/MAICO candidates, FRCOphth Part 1 candidates, residents revising ophthalmic basic sciences, and candidates looking for ophthalmology Basic Visual Sciences MCQs with explanations.
THE OPHTHA MCQ APPROACH
Basic sciences can become difficult to revise when anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology are spread across different textbooks and question banks.
This book brings the major ophthalmic Basic Visual Sciences subjects into a single exam-oriented revision resource with MCQ practice built into the learning process.
Built by ophthalmologists, for ophthalmologists.
OPHTHA MCQ &ndash; Trusted by ophthalmologists across 23+ countries.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

Exam-ready ophthalmology Basic Visual Sciences notes with MCQs, explanations and past-year recalls. Curated by ophthalmologists who have passed the Ophthalmology Foundation exam. For ICO Visual Sciences, OF, OKAT/MAICO and FRCOphth Part 1.

EXAM READY BASIC VISUAL SCIENCES NOTES WITH MCQs

<h2 class="PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer">Optics &amp; Refraction Exam-Ready Notes with MCQs | ICO, Ophthalmology Foundation ORI, OKAT/MAICO &amp; FRCOphth Part 1</h2>
OPHTHA MCQ Optics &amp; Refraction &ndash; Exam-Ready Notes with MCQs is a comprehensive ophthalmology optics revision resource designed for residents and postgraduate candidates preparing for ICO Optics &amp; Refraction, Ophthalmology Foundation Optics, Refraction &amp; Instruments (ORI), OKAT/MAICO Module A and FRCOphth Part 1.
The speciality of this book is its integrated learning format. Theory is followed by relevant MCQs and explanations throughout the book, allowing you to study a concept and immediately test your understanding instead of completing hundreds of pages of theory before starting question practice.
<h2>WHAT DOES THIS BOOK COVER?</h2>
Fundamentals of Light and Visual Optics
Electromagnetic spectrum, colour vision, wave optics, visual acuity and visual function, polarisation, stereopsis, photometry and other fundamental optical principles.
Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of light, refraction, refractive index, total internal reflection, dispersion and related optical concepts.
Prisms
Prism optics, prism power, deviation, clinical applications and associated MCQs.
Spherical, Cylindrical and Toric Lenses
Spherical lenses, cylindrical lenses, astigmatic and toric lenses, Sturm&rsquo;s conoid, spherical equivalent, Maddox rod, Jackson Cross Cylinder and related optical concepts.
Optical Aberrations
Spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, higher-order aberrations and clinically relevant optical principles.
Optics of the Eye and Accommodation
Refraction by the eye, cardinal points, schematic eye, reduced eye, retinal image formation, accommodation, AC/A relationship and related concepts.
Ametropia and Optical Correction
Myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, anisometropia, effective power, vertex distance, spectacle magnification, aphakia, optical correction and IOL-related optics.
Spectacle Optics and Lens Measurement
Prescription notation, transposition, identification of lenses, neutralisation, focimeter and lensometry concepts, tinted lenses, photochromic lenses, filters and lens coatings.
Low Vision Optics
Optical magnification, hand and stand magnifiers, Galilean telescopes, Keplerian telescopes and important low-vision optical principles.
Ophthalmic Instrument Optics
Exam-relevant optical principles of ophthalmic instruments, including slit-lamp illumination techniques and related question-based revision.
The book also contains extensive additional MCQ and review material for repeated practice and rapid revision.
<blockquote>
<h2>NOTES + MCQs + PAST-YEAR RECALLS</h2>
<h2>This is not simply another Optics textbook.</h2>
</blockquote>
The resource combines exam-ready notes, integrated MCQs, explanations, high-yield concepts and past-year recall-based questions to create a question-oriented preparation system.
For Ophthalmology Foundation ORI candidates, the preparation is strengthened by verified candidate recalls and real exam experience. OPHTHA MCQ&rsquo;s Ophthalmology Foundation resources are curated by ophthalmologists who have personally appeared for and passed the Ophthalmology Foundation examinations.
The content is based on established ophthalmology and optics resources including AAO, Khurana&rsquo;s Optics &amp; Refraction and Elkington&rsquo;s Clinical Optics.
<blockquote>
<h2>WHO IS THIS FOR?</h2>
</blockquote>
<h3>ICO Optics &amp; Refraction candidates</h3>
<h3>Ophthalmology Foundation Optics, Refraction &amp; Instruments candidates</h3>
<h3>OKAT/MAICO Module A candidates</h3>
<h3>FRCOphth Part 1 candidates</h3>
<h3>Ophthalmology residents and postgraduates preparing Optics, Refraction and Instruments</h3>
<h3>For FRCOphth Part 1 preparation, this forms Volume 2 of the OPHTHA MCQ two-volume Basic Sciences series and can be combined with the Basic Visual Sciences volume.</h3>
Whether you are searching for ICO Optics and Refraction MCQs, Ophthalmology Foundation ORI MCQs, OF ORI preparation, FRCOphth Part 1 Optics, OKAT/MAICO Optics, ophthalmology optics notes, clinical refraction MCQs, prism and lens MCQs, optical aberrations, ophthalmic instrument MCQs or low vision optics, this resource brings the major examination topics together in one structured book.
Built by ophthalmologists, for ophthalmologists.
OPHTHA MCQ &ndash; Trusted by 5,000+ ophthalmologists across 23+ countries.
&nbsp;

Exam-ready Optics & Refraction notes with MCQs, explanations and past-year recalls for ICO, Ophthalmology Foundation ORI, OKAT/MAICO and FRCOphth Part 1. Covers geometrical and physical optics, lenses, prisms, clinical refraction, ophthalmic instruments a

Optics & Refraction Ophthalmology Notes with MCQs | ICO Part A, Ophthalmology Foundation ORI, OKAT/MAICO & FRCOphth Part 1

&nbsp;
<h2>Ocular Pharmacology V2 &mdash; Exam-Ready Notes &amp; 400 MCQs | OPHTHA MCQ</h2>
&nbsp;
Know the drug. Understand its action. Recognise its adverse effects. Answer with confidence.
Ocular Pharmacology V2 by OPHTHA MCQ brings together exam-ready notes, clinical images and 400 MCQs across 16 topics in one organised, 154-page PDF-based course.
From autonomic receptors and glaucoma medications to antimicrobials, anaesthetics and drug-induced ocular toxicity, build your understanding and immediately test what you have studied.
WHO IS THIS FOR?
Relevant to the ocular pharmacology component of:
&bull; ICO Visual Sciences 
&bull; Ophthalmology Foundation Visual Sciences 
&bull; FRCOphth Part 1 
&bull; DNB, MS and DO Ophthalmology 
&bull; FAICO preparation
Also useful for ophthalmology residents revising commonly used medications and their ocular effects.
<h3>WHAT YOU GET</h3>
&bull; Topic-wise study notes covering mechanisms, indications, adverse effects and important clinical distinctions. 
&bull; 400 MCQs with answers directly below each question for convenient self-assessment. 
&bull; Clinical photographs, diagrams and diagnostic images to support visual learning. 
&bull; A refreshed second-edition layout with revised wording and corrections to identified factual errors and outdated questions. 
&bull; A clickable contents page with separate references for notes and MCQs.
<h3>WHAT THE COURSE COVERS</h3>
<ol>
	<li>
	Pharmacokinetics &mdash; ocular drug absorption, penetration, distribution and elimination.
	</li>
	<li>
	Cholinergic agonists and antagonists.
	</li>
	<li>
	The adrenergic system.
	</li>
	<li>
	Prostaglandin derivatives.
	</li>
	<li>
	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
	</li>
	<li>
	Hyperosmotic agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Anti-allergy agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
	</li>
	<li>
	Antibacterial agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Antiviral agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Antifungal agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Antiparasitic agents.
	</li>
	<li>
	Immunosuppressive drugs and biologic response modifiers.
	</li>
	<li>
	Antifibrotic drugs.
	</li>
	<li>
	Anaesthetics.
	</li>
	<li>
	Miscellaneous topics, including viscoelastics, botulinum toxin, vitamin A and ocular adverse effects of systemic medications.
	</li>
</ol>
<h3>WHY CHOOSE THIS COURSE?</h3>
Pharmacology questions often turn on a small but important distinction: a receptor, an outflow pathway, a contraindication or a characteristic adverse effect.
This course places the notes and practice questions together, helping you connect those details rather than memorise isolated drug names. Study a topic, attempt its MCQs, check your answers and revisit the concepts that need another look.
Use it for structured study during residency, focused preparation for your next examination or a final revision of ocular pharmacology.
COURSE FORMAT
A PDF-based study resource with illustrated notes and MCQs.
Make ocular pharmacology a stronger part of your preparation. Get Ocular Pharmacology V2 on the OPHTHA MCQ App.

Revise ocular pharmacology with 400 MCQs, answers and illustrated notes. Prepare for ICO, OF Visual Sciences, FRCOphth Part 1, DNB, MS, DO and FAICO.

Ocular Pharmacology V2 — Exam-Ready Notes & 400 MCQs | OPHTHA MCQ

Every classification, grading and staging system asked in FAICO OSCE, viva and spotter stations, in one subspeciality-wise PDF, revised for 2026.
The 2021 classifications have been checked against current guidelines, and every system with a newer version has been updated: 
Keratoconus Global Consensus Edition 2 (2026), IC3D Edition 3, TFOS DEWS III (2025), WHO trachoma grading amended 2020, SUN classification criteria 2021, revised IWOS 2019, CONAN macular neovascularization nomenclature, ESASO OCT grading of DME, AJCC 8th retinoblastoma staging, ICROP3, and the newer antiglaucoma drug classes (ROCK inhibitors, latanoprostene bunod, omidenepag).
Subspecialities covered: 
Cornea &amp; External Eye: keratoconus (Amsler-Krumeich, Belin ABCD, Pentacam), IC3D dystrophies, dry eye, VKC, HSV keratitis, Brightbill graft prognosis, trachoma 
Uveitis: SUN anatomical classification and grading, NIH vitreous haze, ocular sarcoidosis (IWOS), pulmonary sarcoidosis, FFA phases, immunomodulators, hypersensitivity reactions 
Glaucoma &amp; Angle: Shaffer, Spaeth, Scheie, Van Herick, Becker goniogram, primary angle closure stages, Hodapp staging, progression, topical antiglaucoma drugs 
Vitreo-Retina: ICDR, ETDRS, ICDME, AMD and AREDS, GA (cRORA), PVR, Lincoff&rsquo;s rules, macular hole (Gass, IVTS), ICRB, IRSS, ROP, sickle cell, hypertensive retinopathy, Best disease, COMS, META-PM and ATN myopia 
Lens &amp; Cataract: LOCS III 
Neuro-Ophthalmology: RAPD, modified Frisen scale, myasthenia gravis (Osserman, MGFA), Barrow CCF, Duane syndrome, House-Brackmann 
Oculoplasty &amp; Orbit: thyroid eye disease (CAS, NOSPECS, VISA, EUGOGO), Chandler orbital cellulitis 
Ocular Trauma: OTS, BETT, Le Fort fractures, Roper-Hall and Dua chemical injury, hyphaema grading
Each subspeciality ends with the matching FAICO OSCE &amp; Practical Course, so you can move straight to station practice.
For complete FAICO pracs prep, get the FAICO OSCE and Practical Course on Ophtha MCQ App. It includes superspecialist OSCE, high-yield OSCE, ocular pharmacology, ocular microbiology, ocular pathology, subspeciality-wise instruments, subspeciality-wise important trials and FAICO recalls.
Ophtha MCQ is the No. 1 FAICO prep app on the internet. 170+ students passed their FAICO theory exam with Ophtha MCQ App this year.
All FAICO courses: <a href="https://ophthamcq.com/new-courses?examId=2">https://ophthamcq.com/new-courses?examId=2</a>

Subspeciality-wise classifications, grading and staging for FAICO OSCE and viva, updated for 2026. No. 1 FAICO prep app.

FAICO Pracs 2026 Special: Classifications, Grading & Staging in Ophthalmology (Subspeciality-wise) | Ophtha MCQ App

OSCE stations routinely test the instruments, dyes and drugs every ophthalmology resident must recognise and reason through under pressure &mdash; from lid specula and corneal scissors to fluorescein strip composition and anti-glaucoma drug classes. OphthaMCQ&rsquo;s Instruments, Dyes &amp; Drugs course brings all of it into one focused, exam-ready resource, covering cataract, cornea, squint, glaucoma, eyelid, trauma, dry eye and dye-related instruments alongside the full drug spectrum &mdash; immunosuppressants, antibiotics, antifungals, mydriatics, anti-glaucoma agents, NSAIDs and steroids. Each topic is broken down with the identification points, indications and high-yield facts examiners actually probe. Built for DNB, MS and FRCOphth Part 2 Oral candidates alike, by ophthalmologists who&rsquo;ve been through these exams themselves.

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